Instituto de Estudios Sociales, Política y Cultura
IESPYC, ISSN 2525-1600, es una publicación semestral que recoge los resultados de los trabajos académicos y de investigación científica del Instituto de Estudios Sociales, Política y Cultura de la Universidad de San Pablo Tucumán (USPT), cuyo objetivo primordial es promover la investigación entre los docentes de la universidad y difundir los conocimientos generados en el seno de la misma y en otros Centros de Investigación nacionales e internacionales. La temática de esta publicación incluye las áreas del Derecho, Ciencia Política, y Relaciones Internacionales. La misma aborda los temas multidisciplinarios y que sean de interés regional, nacional e internacional. Las publicaciones pueden realizarse en español, inglés o portugués. La Revista, está puesta al servicio de la comunidad científica y académica en general (docentes, investigadores y estudiantes), dirigida tanto a la teoría o la práctica, que buscan profundizar en el conocimiento en las respectivas áreas de interés.
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López Testa, Daniela (2023). Identidad Constitucional. Núcleo Esencial de la Constitución de un País. Buenos Aires: Astrea. 400 pp. ISBN: 9789877064476
La obra Identidad Constitucional de Daniela López Testa, publicada por la editorial Astrea en 2023 y resultado de la tesis doctoral defendida en la Universidad de Erlangen-Núremberg, se erige como un aporte fundamental al debate jurídico y filosófico en torno al núcleo esencial de las constituciones y los límites de su reforma. El texto se inserta en una línea de reflexión que, en los últimos años, ha cobrado gran fuerza en Europa y América Latina, vinculada con la necesidad de preservar determinados elementos inalterables frente a la plasticidad de los procesos constituyentes y las dinámicas de cambio político.
María de los Ángeles Fernández Scagliusi
Copyright (c) 2025 María de los Ángeles Fernández Scagliusi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Between the ethereal collective guilt and the few responsible: The extermination of the Patriotic Union (UP) - Colombia
The purpose of this paper is to criticize collective guilt as a potential strategy to make the individual responsible for serious crimes against humanity invisible, from Arendt's perspective, focusing this criticism on the case of the extermination of the Patriotic Union (UP) in Colombia. The judicial system, through different pronouncements, has determined the responsibility of the State in the commission of the extermination of the UP; However, this collective responsibility has not resulted in the investigation and prosecution of those directly responsible for these crimes. Thus, it is possible that a scenario in which we are all guilty no one, finally, ends up being responsible for direct participation in serious crimes such as that of the UP.
Copyright (c) 2025 David Felipe Guarín Hernández https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The latin american male youth experience and its connection with the radical right: Facing a conservative experience?
This article analyzes the experience of young Latin American males, their connection to norms and values, their relationship with politics, institutions, and democracy; and their relationship with political parties. Based on an analysis of the structural conditions and production of subjectivities in Latin America, this article reflects on the affinity between young Latin American male social actors and the radical right. Therefore, this work is part of a sociological and political framework. The methodology for this research is expressed in a theoretical-comparative approach supported by a critical bibliographic review and in dialogue with secondary empirical research.Through a dialogue between integration theories, theories of control and rationalization, and theories of experience, this article examines recent empirical work on the relationship between youth experiences and conservative agendas in the region. This article demonstrates how young Latin Americans share neo-authoritarian traits regarding norms and values; a feeling of indifference, detachment, and weariness with political and democratic institutions; and also explores how resentment is an emotion that drives young males to gravitate toward the radical right. The conclusions suggest a connection between the experiences of young cisgender men and the Latin American radical right. However, it also shows how these male actors have hybrid and unique emotional experiences.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hernán Schujman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Democratic institutions and political violence: the role of self-restraint
This paper defends democracy as a mechanism to avoid violent conflict between political actors, but it questions whether the minimalist definition of democracy is sufficient to guarantee peace. Building on Przeworski’s theory, it explains how competitive, periodic, and respected elections create incentives to channel conflict within institutional frameworks. However, evidence shows that violence can still erupt even in consolidated democracies. To address this, I propose complementing the minimalist definition with the self-restraint condition: an informal norm that requires both incumbents and opposition to moderate their exercise of power so as not to prevent the effective participation of their adversaries. Drawing on the ideas of Schumpeter, Kelsen, Linz, and Bermeo, I argue that without self-control, compromise, and commitment to democratic rules, institutions lose their ability to contain conflict, which may spill into violence. In conclusion, I contend that democracy requires not only rules and elections but also an active disposition of political actors to coexist with their opponents and respect the limits of their own power.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manuel M. Novillo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The name as a pillar of identity: a right linked to human dignity
This article examines the right to a name as a cornerstone of identity and human dignity, taking as its point of departure the case of Isidro V., an adolescent who judicially obtained the removal of his first name and paternal surname. The central question addressed is: how are the right to a name, personal identity, and human dignity interconnected within the Argentine context, particularly with regard to children and adolescents? The aim is to analyze the significance of the name in the construction of identity and in the safeguarding of progressive autonomy, showing how case law reflects a human rights–oriented approach that prioritizes the best interests of the child. The methodology is qualitative, based on a legal-dogmatic and jurisprudential approach, combining a case study with a review of national and international normative and doctrinal sources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mariana Rey Galindo, María Celeste del Huerto Silva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The bioethical principle of autonomy facing power: Reflections on patents in vaccines
The Covid-19 pandemic intensified the ongoing debate about the legitimacy of intellectual property rights for vaccines and their alignment with bioethical principles. To understand the exclusionary power granted to pharmaceutical companies, this essay explores various conceptions of “power”, from legal-normative perspectives to those proposed by marxism, Foucault, Arendt, Forst and Habermas. This analysis prompts a reconsideration of the concept of power and its relationship with bioethical selfdetermination, questioning whether intellectual property law, a mechanism rooted in a market economy, can justify the authority of large pharmaceutical companies to restrict the health and lives of millions through its exclusionary power. Ultimately, this paper argues that the authority conferred by patent law demands a radical democratic review to align with bioethics and, most likely, to prevent the tragedies experienced during the recent pandemic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gianni Vittorio Pinzan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
God in times of anarcho-capitalism. A rereading of Carl Schmitt
Since Javier Milei's electoral upset in Argentina 2023, the libertarian force brought with it a set of symbolic elements appealing to religious dogma, which had been absent between previous political narratives. To investigate the particular conditions of this arrival and the political effects of its fate, this work proposes to take up part of the work of the jurist and political theorist Carl Schmitt. In his long intellectual biography, we find a concept that not only offers hermeneutical tools to read secularization, but also a political philosophical key to think about the fate of the political turns that occur in modernity: it is about political theology.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ignacio Diego Adanero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Central America's Northern Triangle: The need for new readings for the international protection of migrants in the context of climate change and structural violence
The Northern Triangle of Central America (NTCA) formed by Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador, is a region characterized by its economic and cultural integration but mainly by migratory flows due to generalized violence and inequality. People fleeing violence or political persecution are eligible for international protection status under the refugee convention of 1951. However, other factors that are not recognized by Refugee law, such as the effects of climate change, natural disasters and the destruction of ecosystems, bring into discussion the need for a favorable reading that grants international protection to displaced persons coming from the Northern Triangle and seeking refuge mainly in the United States of America.
Copyright (c) 2025 José Alberto Umaña Salguero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
international and national telecommunications regulations and the critical importance of the use of underwater internet transmission cables in Argentina and Uruguay
The objective of this work is to define the legal regime of telecommunications in Argentina and Uruguay and the applicable legislation regarding submarine data transmission cables. The development of international regulations on telecommunications is carried out, as well as the national regulations of Argentina and Uruguay on the matter, contemplating the particularities of the application of the Treaty of the Río de la Plata and its Maritime Front and its harmonization with UNCLOS. This work advances with a description of the operation of Internet transmission, the concept of critical importance that includes the laying of submarine telecommunications cables, the role of the International Committee for the Protection of Submarine Cables as a liaison organization with organizations of the United Nations and the installation conditions of the FIRMINA submarine cable. Finally, the conclusions will be presented.
Copyright (c) 2025 Francia Elizabeth González Angelotti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Special investigation techniques for the crime of extortion
The study shows a 21% increase in extortion cases in one district of Lima between 2023 and 2024, which underlines the urgency of evaluating the contribution of Special Investigation Techniques (SIT) in its prevention and prosecution. Through semi-structured interviews with specialized police officers, it was found that the interception of communications allows real-time access to suspicious conversations, although its effectiveness depends on modern technological infrastructures and agile judicial protocols. Undercover agents and informants provide valuable inside information, but face security challenges and lack robust interagency cooperation mechanisms. Surveillance and tracking operations, when reconstructing the operational chain of criminal networks, require constant investment in state-of-the-art equipment and specific training. Therefore, the research concludes that, under strict judicial supervision and with full respect for human rights, Special Investigative Techniques can significantly boost the fight against extortion. In order to optimize their results, it is essential to prioritize advanced training of personnel, strengthen the technological infrastructure and consolidate a regulatory framework that guarantees the continuity and operational sustainability of these tools. Finally, it is suggested to deepen the development of cyberintelligence capabilities and strengthen interagency collaboration channels, so that the state response to this crime is more accurately adjusted to the changing dynamics of criminal networks in vulnerable urban environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 David Antonio Juárez Zambrano, Jorge Antonio Pérez Cheppe, Pedro Ernesto Collantes Ancalle, Walter Manuel Vásquez-Mondragón https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Controversies surrounding the multiparadigmatic condition: Responses from an open model and a situated critique
This paper compiles the responses to the commentaries included in the dossier on La condición multiparadigmática del Derecho (2024). Through this dialogue, key aspects of the model are further developed, such as the scientific status of law, the relevance of the Kuhnian framework, the conflicting coexistence of theoretical matrices, criteria of demarcation, conditions of disciplinary belonging, the role of critique, pedagogical challenges, and the institutional structures that shape legal knowledge production. These interventions help clarify ambiguous areas, refine analytical gaps, and open new lines of research. The conclusion affirms that a non-closed legal science does not express fragility, but rather a form of epistemic responsibility in the face of the structural plurality of theoretical-legal knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nicolás Salvi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Epistemological foundations of law: challenges and consequences in its teaching
This paper critically analyzes La condición multiparadigmática del Derecho by Nicolás Salvi, exploring its epistemological and pedagogical implications. Traditionally, the philosophy of science has attempted to classify disciplines as science, technology, or everyday knowledge. While some disciplines must justify their scientific status to maintain academic recognition, Law enjoys a well-established social prestige. However, its epistemological status remains a subject of debate with practical consequences for its teaching and professional practice. Salvi proposes a multiparadigmatic model of Law, identifying three paradigms: the dogmatic-rationalist, the realist-empiricist, and the interpretivist-hermeneutic. His proposal suggests that Law is, at least in part, a scientific discipline, which has implications for how it should be taught in Law schools. This paper critiques Mario Bunge’s epistemological essentialism, which rigidly classifies disciplines as either science or technology, overlooking the interdisciplinary complexity of modern knowledge. The conclusion emphasizes that legal education should balance scientific and technical training according to social and academic needs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Leandro Giri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
New perspectives in legal epistemology: from dogmatic fetishism to pragmatic diversity. Brief reflection of it impacts in legal education
The issue of the scientific nature of law has become one of the key points in the debates within the field of legal philosophy. In response to theses denying the scientific status of this discipline, Nicolás Salvi, in "The Multiparadigmatic Condition of Law," argues that not only can law be recognized as a science, but also that multiple paradigms coexist within it (analytic-dogmatic, analytical-realistic, and interpretivistic). This has important implications for legal education, an issue that I propose to critically and reflectively analyze in this paper. To do so, I will begin with a description of the aforementioned author's multiparadigmatic proposal and then explore its contributions and implications for legal education and academic production. Within this framework, I will analyze how the break with paradigmatic absolutism in the discipline impacts the recognition of new actors and the circulation of new curricular content in the aforementioned spheres, influencing the configuration of specific professional profiles operating within the framework of legal praxis, as well as the work of the researcher itself, providing new materials and methodologies. Finally, I will address some questions regarding Nicolás Salvi's innovative proposal, related to the role of teaching, the structure of curricular spaces, as well as the role of legal doctrine and the production of knowledge in legal fields.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agostina Nucci https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Herzog and the multiparadigmatic condition of Law. Aguirre (Salvi), the wrath of god
This article explores the concept of the multiparadigmatic condition of law based on Nicolás Salvi’s essay, articulating it with a philosophical-cinematic reading of Aguirre, the Wrath of God by Werner Herzog. Through references to Kelsen, Kuhn, Blumenberg, Nietzsche, and Feyerabend, the article analyzes law as a discipline caught between the need for meaning and the impossibility of ultimate truth, highlighting the epistemological value of paradigm plurality.
Copyright (c) 2025 José Mariano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The article examines the epistemological assumptions of La condición multiparadigmática del Derecho, with particular attention to the notion of scientificity that structures the model. It reconstructs Nicolás Salvi’s use of Kuhn’s framework to address the theoretical plurality of the legal field and outlines its limitations. Two main objections are raised: law’s proximity to technological production rather than natural science, and the way paradigm coexistence reinforces an understanding of law as a rhetorically and institutionally situated practice. Based on these points, and drawing on Mario Bunge’s perspective, the article suggests conceiving law as a socially organized technology, normatively structured and governed by persuasive validation mechanisms. Rather than stabilizing an epistemic model, the multiparadigmatic approach makes visible the conflictual and contingent nature of legal knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2025 Javier I. Habib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Multiple paradigms or multiple sciences? The need for a common denominator in the multi-paradigmatic conception of the science of law
This paper points out that, to conceive a multi-paradigmatic science of Law, as proposed by Salvi, that, highlights the coexistence of the disciplinary matrices and highlights their differences, it is also relevant to explain what the coincidences between them may be, that is, what is the common denominator that allows us to speak of a single science and not of a multiplicity of sciences of Law. In order to do so, we first discuss what the idea of common denominator refers to. Secondly, it is explained why reference is made to the need for a common denominator to determine whether there is a multi-paradigmatic science or multiplicity of sciences. Finally, possible aspects that may function as common aspects among the three disciplinary matrices are presented.
Copyright (c) 2025 Helga María Lell https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
On paradigms, the scientific community, and legal science
The article analyzes Nicolás Salvi’s La condición multiparadigmática del Derecho, focusing on its main epistemological contributions. It highlights the adoption of an expanded version of Thomas Kuhn’s theory—mediated by the works of Margaret Masterman and George Ritzer—to conceptualize law as a multiparadigmatic normal science. Based on this thesis, it reconstructs the idea of conflicting “disciplinary matrices” within the contemporary legal community. The article raises specific objections, including the inclusion of natural law within the interpretivist matrix, which may lead to a reading close to the traditional trialist model, with its known epistemological ambiguities. It also reflects on the lack of mutual scientific recognition among legal scholars, suggesting a distinctive feature of legal science compared to other social sciences. Finally, it defends the relevance of applying Kuhnian categories to the analysis of law, emphasizing their structural affinity with political theory and historical-social approaches.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aníbal D'Auria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
This work offers a brief reflection on legal dogmatics based on the concepts discussed by Nicolás Salvi in his recent book “La condición multiparadigmática del derecho”. The book contributes—at least—two important elements for rethinking academic-legal work in our law faculties. First, the deliberate exclusion of dogmatics from the range of possible disciplinary matrices of legal science constitutes a challenge to the scientific status of much of the teaching and research content developed in our universities. Indeed, the predominance of doctrine as the main activity of legal scholars is often characterized by an undifferentiated combination of analytical and normative language. This undermines the scientific character of dogmatics, which relies on epistemological elements from competing disciplinary frameworks. Second, Salvi’s approach to the interpretivist matrix invites us to question the widespread adoption of the interpretivist model as a provider of new tools for the analytical-normative language used by dogmatic scholars.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bruno Martín Ovejero Silva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Review of the scientific status of professional disciplines. Law and nursing, between technology and science
This study examines the epistemological status of law and nursing, two disciplines traditionally valued for their practical dimension and whose scientific nature has been subject to debate. From Mario Bunge's perspective, law is considered a social technology, while nursing is reduced to a mere technique. However, a deeper philosophical analysis suggests that both can be understood as scientific disciplines. Drawing from the epistemology of law, this study explores various arguments for and against the existence of paradigms within the discipline. It is argued that, while law fulfills normative and technological functions, it also possesses a theoretical structure that aligns it with the social sciences. In the case of nursing, perspectives that reduce it to a mere technique are contrasted with an analysis of its theoretical development. The study demonstrates that nursing has its own paradigms, distancing it from Bunge’s reductionist perspective. Finally, it is argued that both law and nursing can be considered sciences in a broad sense, as they exhibit theoretical structures that distinguish them from mere technologies. Despite their differences, both disciplines display a multiparadigmatic nature, which has been identified through the application of an appropriate analytical framework. This approach paves the way for the philosophical analysis of other equally contested disciplines, such as administration, library science, and even medicine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucía Federico https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
This article presents a commentary on Nicolás Salvi’s La condición multiparadigmática del derecho. It examines the relevance of Kuhn’s framework for thinking about the scientific status of law, given that this model links normal science to the presence of a dominant paradigm, which seems to contrast with the pluralism observed in the legal field. Based on this observation, the article analyzes how Salvi draws on an expanded version of Thomas Kuhn, informed by George Ritzer’s work, to argue for the possibility of a multiparadigmatic legal science. It also reflects on the scope of the term “science” in legal discourse, considering its classificatory and evaluative implications. The commentary focuses on the descriptive approach adopted by the book, which maps the existing theoretical matrices without ranking them or resolving their internal disputes. The article concludes by noting that this proposal clearly outlines the current state of legal studies and encourages an open debate on their scientific conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nicolás Zavadivker https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Much of the work in this Dossier arose from a meeting of El Foro, a seminar on legal philosophy and political theory that I coordinate, together with Javier Habib and Marcos Arias Amicone, at the Faculty of Law of the National University of Tucumán. On November 27, in the Faculty's Professors' Room, we dedicated a special, longer, and more diverse session—organized in collaboration with USP-T—to discussing Nicolás Salvi's book La condición multiparadigmática del Derecho (The Multiparadigmatic Condition of Law). Translated with DeepL.com (free version)
Constitutional reform 2025 - What for? To consolidate our democracy
In Tucumán, the possibility of a constitutional reform has been raised. Several political parties—from Peronism to La Libertad Avanza—have submitted proposals addressing issues in the political system as well as their own partisan agendas, with substantive reform proposals that vary in degree from socialism to liberalism. In this paper, I argue that political parties should seize this reformist momentum but focus solely on matters concerning the institutional political system. Specifically, they should advocate for eliminating or limiting electoral alliances, punishing clientelistic practices, establishing random ad hoc courts with electoral jurisdiction, limiting the resources of the legislature, and creating a public ethics education program. These measures are essential for strengthening democracy. Expending energy on partisan issues—such as whether to lower taxes or protect the environment—means squandering the opportunity to implement a legitimate political reform.
Copyright (c) 2024 Javier I. Habib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The political leadership of Carlos S. Menem in his presidential role
Different authors throughout history have developed theoretical frameworks on leadership, focusing their studies from various perspectives. Some have analyzed the personality traits of leaders, while others have concentrated on factors such as authority, legitimacy, or context. Based on the analytical contributions proposed by certain authors, this work seeks to characterize the leadership of Carlos S. Menem in his role as President of Argentina from 1989 to 1999. Beyond the external or situational factors that can enhance the emergence of a political leader, traits such as intuition, docility, reason, foresight, energy, and communicative ability appear as common characteristics among leaders, regardless of their field of action. What were Menem's traits? How did he pave his way to the presidency, and how did he manage to maintain it for two terms? These are some of the questions this study aims to address.
Copyright (c) 2024 Facundo Vergara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
This essay will develop the main ideas surrounding small-scale male chauvinism in society and universities, specifically focusing on the phenomenon of mansplaining. The aim is to characterize and unravel its origins and its influence on women and young people. The link between current forms of education in academic institutions and the contemporary machismo present in them. The figure of mansplaining is a daily reality for many women and adolescents; however, not everyone is aware of its meaning.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ana Paz Scocco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Conceptions about gender violence in old age
This paper addresses older women's experiences of gender-based violence in old age from a feminist, decolonial and intersectional perspective. From the stories and narratives of old women in the city of Córdoba, we intend to shed light on the multidimensionality and complexity of this issue, which is a problem of human rights and integral health. We understand old age from a critical, feminist and decolonial gerontology, leaving aside the idea that it is a universal construct that homogenizes life trajectories. We consider that there are different itineraries and ways of aging, so it is necessary to speak of "old age" in the plural and understand them from situated analyses. We are also committed to understanding their experiences from an epistemology of emotions that places bodies, their experiences and feelings at the center, paying attention to the symbolic dimension of patriarchal violence. Thus, from a qualitative methodology, in this article we explore theoretical categories and experiential accounts of women over 60 years of age in the city of Cordoba, Argentina, hoping to understand the multiple oppressions that cross these bodies and address the structural inequality that comes with living in a territory dominated by the patriarchal, colonial, capitalist and old age system.
Copyright (c) 2024 Paola Bonavitta, Natalia Franco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Interweaving freedoms: Towards a relational (re)interpretation of conscientious objection to sexual and reproductive health
Feminist movements inaugurated new ways of regulating the sexualized body and, in doing so, also forced those who defend a neo-conservative morality in sexual matters to innovate and mutate in their defense. In this framework, this paper proposes to address the figure of conscientious objection (CO) to sexual and non-reproductive health, in order to think of interpretative (re)formulations that are the starting point for the discourse of rights to think of possible regulations respectful of women's human rights, while at the same time being a proposal for the construction of citizenship in the face of social fabrics saturated with hate policies. I propose a re-interpretation of CO in the face of the legalization of the interruption of pregnancies, in the light of relational autonomy. For this purpose, I analyze the Argentinean case, taking into consideration the current socio-political context, the importance of the feminist movements in that country, as well as the instrumentalisation of the concept of freedom by the neo-conservative political movements that in Argentina have called themselves “libertarian”.
Copyright (c) 2024 María Julieta Cena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The female face of latin american populism
Despite the multiplicity of approaches to populism, there remains a gap in theorizing and empirically addressing the phenomenon from the perspective of female political actors. The research underpinning the results presented in this article sought to address this gap by proposing a theoretical conceptualization of female populist leadership in Latin America, followed by a methodological approach to studying it. The article aims to explore the conceptual intersections between populism and political leadership to deepen the study of populist leaderships exercised by female political actors in the region. The research involved reconstructing the contributions to the conceptualizations of populism and political leadership through the academic work of key classical and contemporary authors. A qualitative study was conducted, complemented by a conceptual reflection. Through a thorough review of academic texts on the main theoretical currents of these two concepts, analytical categories were developed to identify their conceptual intersections. The findings suggest a developing conceptualization rooted in general elements such as context and geographical spaces, as well as specific elements like image, personality, and positioning. The originality of this research, and of this article in particular, lies in its proposal of a conceptualization of female populist leadership in Latin America, one that responds to the sociopolitical transition currently underway in the region.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ingrid Ríos-Rivera, Estefanía Luzuriaga-Uribe, Arianna Mosquera Dávila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Democracy and electoral participation in Barranquilla: An analysis of political narratives, emotional values and the dominance of ‘Casa Char’
The research analyzes how the political group 'Casa Char' has consolidated its dominance in Barranquilla through a combination of progress narratives, emotional ties with voters, and centralization of power. Through semi-structured interviews and surveys, a process of deideologization in the electorate was identified, where loyalty to specific leaders and practices such as vote buying are predominant. The study reveals that the lack of generational turnover and the failure of left-wing projects have facilitated the rise of 'Casa Char,' highlighting a contradictory political maturity and a landscape where political practices and ethical dilemmas affect social cohesion and the quality of local democracy.
Copyright (c) 2024 Esteban David Gallardo-Murillo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Public budgets and Human Rights principles in the argentine financial system
The general objective of this article was to analyze the incorporation of human rights principles in budgets in Argentina. Public budgets are central instruments for the promotion and protection of human rights. Through them, budgetary priorities and the destination of public resources are established so that the State, as a public subject and guarantor of human rights, complies with the international duties assumed. The methodology used is qualitative and descriptive and explanatory. A documentary analysis and a content analysis are carried out. Public budgets must include in all their dynamics (preparation, sanction, execution and control) the human rights principles of substantive equality, justice, sustainability, inclusion and transparency. In Argentina, the implementation of human rights principles took place gradually. However, progress was in many cases limited by social, economic, political and historical contexts. Fundamentally, because of the setback in the budgetary decisions of governments that do not focus on the field of human rights.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ingrid Y. Rosas Villarrubia, Dora E. Ayala Rojas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Rockefeller Foundation's molecular vision of life and the origins of molecular biology
The following paper will briefly present the lines of research of some of the most influential scientists in the nascent field of molecular biology during the 1920s through the 1940s, all recipients of Rockefeller Foundation funding. The Rockefeller Foundation was motivated by the conviction that complex biological processes had to be reduced to a physicochemical level of description in order to be intervened upon and controlled. These works represent some of the links necessary to establish the conditions for the fundamental problems of life to begin to be thought of in terms of information transmission and not only in structural terms, especially Delbrück's studies. Given the intimate relations between the Rockefeller Foundation and the American military institutions, the discourse of communication sciences, computer technologies, control and espionage, usual in the context of the Second War and subsequent Cold War, was one of the causes that led researchers in biological sciences to visualize genes as carriers and transmitters of information. This new conceptual framework was able to reinterpret earlier experiments in these terms, such as those of Beadle and Stanley, and increasingly led to a reconsideration of the role of DNA in life processes. Finally, this new discursive formation on life processes reveals, we believe, some links that can be established between the construction of knowledge and the institutions that produce it.
Copyright (c) 2024 Martín Eduardo De Boeck, Rubén Jesús Barrios https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0